Introduction | Radiation Force Balances | Measurement | Additional Information | Further Reading

Further Reading

Although references have been given, a selection of appropriate reading material has been listed below:

Standards and guidelines

• Ultrasonic power measurement in liquids in the frequency range 0.5 MHz to 25 MHz International Electrotechnical Commission (1992), IEC Publication 61161, IEC, Geneva
• Ultrasonics - Physiotherapy systems - Performance requirements and methods of measurement in the frequency range 0.5 MHz to 5 MHz International Electrotechnical Commission (1996), IEC Publication 61689, IEC, Geneva
• Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-37: Particular requirements for the safety of ultrasonic medical diagnostic and monitoring equipment International Electrotechnical Commission (2004) IEC publication 60601-2-37: Ed 1.1, IEC, Geneva
• Medical Electrical Equipment, Part 2: Particular requirements for the safety of ultrasonic therapy equipment. International Electrotechnical Commission (2000) IEC Publication 60601-2-5: Ed 2.0, IEC, Geneva.
• NEMA UD-3 Standard for Real-Time Display of Thermal and Mechanical Acoustic Output Indices on Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment
• FDA 21 CFR 1050.10 Performance Standards for Sonic, Infrasonic and Ultrasonic Radiation-Emitting Products: Ultrasonic therapy Products
• NEMA UD-2 Acoustic Output Measurement Standard for Diagnsotic Ultrasound Equipment
• Chartered Society of Physiotherapy: Guidelines for the safe use of ultrasound therapy equipment Physiotherapy (1990), 76, 11, 983-684.

Papers

• A new method for measuring the effective radiating area of physiotherapy treatment heads Zeqiri, B., Hodnett, M., Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (1998), 24, No. 5, 761-770
• Development of standard measurement methods for essential properties of ultrasonic therapy equipment Hekkenberg, R. T., Reibold, R., Zeqiri, B., Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (1994), 20, No. 1, 83-98
• A versatile force balance for ultrasound power measurement Perkins, M. A. Physics in Medicine and Biology (1989), 34, No. 11, 1645-1651
• A new anechoic material for ultrasonic applications Zeqiri, B, Bickley, C J. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (2000), 26, No.3, 481-485
• Therapy Level Ultrasonic Power measurement, Final Technical Report SMT4-CT96-2139, Hekkenberg, R.T, Beissner, K, Zeqiri, B. European Community Project Report (2000)
• Beissner, K. "Minimum target size in radiation force measurements", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 76, 1984, 1505-1510.
• Chivers, RC, Smith, AD and Filmore, PR. "Broadband measurements on ultrasonic tank lining materials", Ultrasonics, 19, May 1981, 125-133.
• Beissner, K. "The influence of membrane reflections on ultrasonic power measurements", Acustica, 50, 1982, 194-200.
• Chapman, IV and Al-Hussaini, H. "Variation of radiation force values with differing gas content of propagating media", Ultrasound Med. Biol., 4, 1978, 51-53.

Surveys and performance studies

• Survey of Physiotherapy Ultrasound Equipment Calibrations Gledhill, M. NRL Report 1996/4, National Radiation Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Christchurch, New Zealand
• The performance of ultrasound therapy machines in the Lothian Region Pye, S. D., Milford, C. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, (1994) 20, No. 4, 347-359
• A calibration survey of physiotherapy ultrasound equipment in North Wales Lloyd, J. J., Evans, J. A. Physiotherapy (1988), 72, No. 2, 56-61